Further ideas for activities
We saw in chapter 1 that vowels are articulated when a voiced airstream is shaped using the tongue and the lips to modifybthe overall shape of the mouth. English speakers generally use twelve pure vowels and eight diphthongs,
If you try saying /i/e/ae/ dll . . out load,you should be able to feel that your tongue changes position in your mouth,yet it doesn’t actually obstruct the airflow.try moving smoothly from one sound to the next,without stopping.you will also be aware of the shape of your lips changing,and your lower jaw moving.it is these basic movements which give vowels their chief characteristics.
It is important to keep In mind what it is exactly which makes a phoneme valid as aunit for analysis; the distinctions between phonemes hold,in that they are units which differentiate between word meanings. In the previous chapter we looked at minimal pairs,such as soap and soup to illustrate this principle.
It is useful to mention here too one of the principles behind phonemic analys: it was mentioned in chapter 1 that we may pronounce particular sounds in different ways.your pronounciation of/r/may be slightly different to mine,yet we manage to understand each other .these two different pronounciations of/r/ are known as allophones. (allophones are usuallyindicated by being enclosed in square brackets) though there may be subtle differences in articulation,they do not lead to a change of meaning. In phonemic transcription,each symbol is therefore used as a representation of the “principal” sound of a “family’ of similar sound. Such subtle differences are not important for the classroom and so we will concentrate on general descriptions for vowels sounds.
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